Shaft design procedure pdf

Calculate forces on teeth of spur gears, including impact forces associated with velocity and clearances. Shaft design procedure because of the simultaneous. Machine design procedures it is difficult if not impossible to lay down any set rules of procedure for designing machinery. Following this, the design procedures for the internal gear pack are discussed, along with the arrangements of the various shafts. We will discuss the design concept of a drive shaft subjected to.

Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have standard proportions, making it possible to estimate stress concentrations factors. The design of the composite drive shaft is divided into two main sections. I have attempted to work through the design procedure in the same order used on. For old mine shafts, galleries may have been closed with remaining items but without particular design. Crankshaft types, material, crankshaft design what is crankshaft. Tutorial for gear design and calculation with mdesign gearbox dipl. The primary advantage of this design is that it provides excellent shaft control with. As with all other types of machine elements, it is important to understand the fundamental operating principles of different bearings in order to select the right bearing for the intended application. It is intended to be just one part of the total resource package we provide to our customers in support of their success. Shaft design objectives compute forces acting on shafts from gears, pulleys, and sprockets. The opening pages deal with the aims of the gearbox and the reasons for each of the aims.

Design procedures for axially loaded drilled shafts. The primary reasons why machinery is misaligned is lack of proper training, improper tools to do the job, and that people are not given enough time to do it right. A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular crossection solid or hollow, which is used to transmit power and rotational motion. As the piles are driven down, the ground is excavated, and a circular crib is put in every few feet. As the length and outer radius of the drive shafts in automotive applications are limited due to spacing, the design variables. It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and. The tubular design makes the drive shaft strong and light. Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have. Shaft design introduction standard diameters of shafts torsion. The recommended approach for shaft design and analysis is the distortion energy theory of failure. Modeling the shafts in the graphical input are shafts modeled by single parts. Consequently, shaft deflection analysis is almost always done with the assistance of software.

This final chapter covers the design of a racingtype rear engine mounted gearbox. This manual is the reference text used for the national highway institute nhi course numbered 2014 on drilled shafts. In the case of a wrap angle of 180 degrees, the sum of the two forces is the force the shaf t must resist and so vector addition of the tensile forces makes sense. Theory questions and answers and numerical problems. For example, shafts often are stepped to different diameters to accommodate bearings, gears. Shaft sinking and mining contractors conference 2009 d visser page 6 picture 3 above a plan view of the 16 curtain grout holes on a 5, 8 metre diameter. Field tests and new design procedure for laterally loaded. Ahmed salah abou taleb lecturer, mechanical engineering dept. The situations encountered are too varied to allow this. The crankshaft consists of the shaft parts which revolve in the main bearings, the crankpins to which. The design of shafts in some cases, such as those for turbopumps, is dictated by shaft. Design and optimization of automobile propeller shaft with composite materials using fem analysis atul kumar raikwar, prof. The shaft is generally acted upon by bending moment, torsion and axial force. Shoulders are used for axially locating shaft elements and to carry any thrust loads.

Construction procedures and lrfd design methods fhwanhi10016. Moreover, the shaft sinking procedure is intricate and arduous. The masks define the patterns that, when transcribed onto the. Conventional mine shaft sinking methods involve the performance of a cycle of different operationsdrilling and blasting, removal of smoke and cleaning of flyrock lodged on overhead timbers, mucking and hoisting of the broken rock, and timbering.

Our main aim is to study its design procedure along with finite element analysis some important parameter. One end of this shaft is connects with the universal shaft. Design based on rigidity is to ensure that maximum deflection because of bending and maximum twist due to torsion of the shaft is within the allowable limits. In this way the shaft is sunk in a series of short wooden cylinders. Therefore you have to click in the element explorer shaft shaft section and drag it with pressed mouse button in the 3dview.

However, most real machine part will have varying cross sections. Asme code shaft allowable stress and asme code shaft diameter equations and calculators. How to design a drive shaft drive shaft design for a. This study presents the design procedures for axially loaded drilled shafts thus far developed from extensive research programs. Drilled shaft machine is used in such process, where it consists of. It is integral to any mechanical system in which power is transmitted from a prime mover, such as an electric motor or an engine, to other rotating parts of the system. Design and optimization of automobile propeller shaft with composite materials using fem analysis. Chapter 11 drive lines, differentials, drive axles, and.

Bloch, claire soares, in turboexpanders and process applications, 2001. The conventional design procedures employed for shaft. Shaft design procedure because of the simultaneous occurrence of torsional shear and normal stresses due to bending, the stress analysis of a shaft virtually always involves the use of a combined stress approach. Shaft stress calculations shaft 1 diameter38 material. Design based on strength is to ensure that stress at any location of the shaft does not exceed the material yield stress. Adit decline or ramp inclined shaft vertical shaft.

While a few shafts are advanced by bighole drilling methods, the great majority use the traditional drill and blast cycle. The designer shall consider the intended method of construction temporary or permanent casing, slurry drilling, etc. Once a problem is identified, it will usually yield to an. For the design of shafts made of metals with low ductility or fracture toughness, it is. Compare combined stresses to suitable allowable stresses. The objective is to calculate the shaft size having the strength and rigidity required to transmit an applied torque. The ball bearing inner ring is a press fit on the shaft so there is no relative. When a drilled shaft is constructed with a permanent casing, the skin friction along the. Drilled shafts design and construction slide 34 of 51 1. Highspeed shafts require not only higher shaft stiffness but also stiff bearing supports, machine housings, etc. Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have standard proportions, making it possible to estimate stress.

However, it is possible to point out a general procedure which will, in the majority of cases, prove to be helpful to the beginning designer. By developjng correction factors to be used on the applied bending and torsional loads, the axial fatigue strength can be used for combined loads. Determine allowable force on gear teeth, including the factors necessary due to. The latter a may be the last operation of the cycle, b may be carried on during drilling and mucking, provided it is done from a substantial. Determine the power or the torque to be transmitted by the shaft. A pulle y reduces these effects with rolling contact between the cable and the machine, but it must be of sufficient size, typi. Shaft design a shaft is the component of a mechanical device that transmits rotational motion and power. A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or motion. This cuts the length of each shaft to avoid drive line vibration. Determine the design of the powertransmitting components or other devices that will be mounted on the shaft, and specify the required location of each device. In addition, the procedure allows the engineer to design a shaft such that. Shaft coupling design article containg design procedure and numerical problems of different types of couplings commonly used.

Stress concentrations depend on size specifications, which are not known the first time through a design process. Use of the recommended design procedure results in excellent agreement between measured and predicted ultimate latera 1 capacities, and predicted and measured rotations between 0 and 2 degrees. If a belt or cable runs around a fixed shaft, friction between the belt and the shaft can cause the efficiency to be low, and the cable can rapidly wear. Asme shaft design allowable stress and diameter equations. Find bending moments from gears, pulleys, or sprockets that are transmitting loads to or from other devices. Adits are an economical approach when the orebody is above the general floor. Numerical problems on shaft design 1 a shaft is supported by two bearings which are placed 1m apart. Shafts are designed on the basis of strength or rigidity or both. Design of shaft on the basis of rigidity and strength calculation and angle of twist design of shaft.

Bearings bearings are machine elements that allow compo. The radial ball bearing is designed to accommodate primarily radial loads but the deep groove type will support bidirectional thrust loads up to 35% of. As is the case with turboexpanders for other applications, the preferred choice for lng machines with oil lubricated bearings is the stiff shaft design. Handbook to best practices for mine shafts protection. Shaft design material, types, how to design shaft introduction to the shaft. An efficient design of a composite drive shaft could be achieved by selecting the proper variables, which can be identified for safe structure against failure and to meet the performance requirements. Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have standard proportions, making it possible to. Rupprecht university of johannesburg abstract a deposit to be mined by underground methods can be accessed by a number of methods. Ball bearing types the three most commonly used types of ball bearings are the radial bearing, the angular contact bearing, and the double row ball bearing.

Taking the dimensions, forces and other determining factors, the. Gierke, dulmen design of shaft,shaft sinking symposium in ranchi, coal expansion in india, 2123 november 1983. Determine torque in shafts from gears, pulleys, sprockets, clutches, and couplings. Asme shaft design allowable stress and diameter equations and calculators. This guide represents a starting point for a variety of the concepts and considerations necessary to initiate a bearing design, and it reinforces our readiness to work together. Mechanical design engineering handbook sciencedirect. Better by design speaking from the perspective of one of the worlds leading shaft sinking contractors, roy slack, president of cementation canada, looked at the design process for new mines and their shafts, and the implications of any potential shortcomings there. An overall shaft design procedure is presented including consideration of bearing and component mounting and shaft dynamics using the asme design code for transmission shafting. Design of shaft basis of rigidity uk essays ukessays. Fpasc160 design procedure for drilled concrete piers in expansive soil 17 nov 2017 issued for fpa website publishing foundation performance association structural committee page 1 of 61.

Contents introduction definition aim of the project objective of project purpose of shaft sinking design of mine shafts preparatory work conventional method of shaft sinking conclusions reference. A practical guide to shaft alignment plant services. The objective of this project is to design a safe shaft given certain dimensions of gears and bearings as well as forces acting on the shaft through the gears and the effect of fillets and keys. The latter a may be the last operation of the cycle, b may be carried on during drilling and mucking, provided it is done. Design of flanged coupling unprotected and protected type notations used in design. For example, a machine running at 1800 rpm with 12 inch of spacer shaft length would allow a maximum offset of. Highspeed shafts must be carefully checked for static and dynamic unbalance and for firstand secondorder critical speeds. Estimating stress concentrations stress analysis for shafts is highly dependent on stress concentrations. These procedures can be used for the design of shafts installed in clay, clay shale, sand, or alluvial fan deposits that are cemented and finegrained.

Tutorial for gear design and calculation with mdesign gearbox. Keys design 6 keys are sunk in the shaft and the hub. Mechanical design engineering handbook also includes worked design scenarios and essential background on design methodology to help you get started with a problem. Design of shaft primarily involves in determining stresses at critical point in the shaft. It is not intended as a comprehensive guide to alignment of process machinery, nor is it a sub.

Options include specialized shaft software, general beam deflection software, and finite element analysis software. Gear design in mdesign gearbox march 2012 driveconcepts gmbh, dresden 3. Mankovsky g i development of shaft sinking techniques in the ussr ji. Design engineers must be good at identifying problems. You can see a shaft in almost every machine, which has rotating parts. Definition of shaft and its explanation design of machine. However, shaft with other cross sections find special application. Structures generally consist of walls in hollow blocks, metal dams or concrete plugs. In this paper, is developed the algorithm for design of the gear includes typical steps of analysis and stress calculation of the main components, such as gears, shafts and bearings. The concept of drive shaft design formula is explained in this article with an example shaft design problem. Since it is not practical to consider all these variables in a reasonably.

Shaft sinking of all the headings driven in hard rock mines, shafts are the most costly and time consuming. Shaft design based on strengthshaft design based on strength asme d i dasme design code. Rigid couplings have no tolerance for misalignment, they should be aligned as accurately as possible. A steel shaft should not run in a steel bore, but it can run in a bronze lined bore e. The drive shaft, also called a propeller shaft, is commonly a hollow steel tube with yokes welded on the end. Spur gear design and selection objectives apply principles learned in chapter 11 to actual design and selection of spur gear systems. Mar 01, 2016 video lecture on definition of shaft and its explanation from design of shafts, keys and couplings chapter of design of machine for mechanical engineering students. A 600mm diameter pulley is mounted at a distance of 300mm to the right of left hand bearing and this drives a pulley directly below it with the help of belt having maximum tension of 2250 n. The design and calculation of a spur gear transmission, one of the oftenperformed mechanical engineering tasks, requires a lot of long and complicated tedious computations. These programs, shaftl and bshaft, are described in detail in this report.

As nature of the bending stress and this axial stress is same, these can be vectorially added for any location on the shaft, so as to get the resultant tensilecompressive stress, which can then be used to find the principal stresses in the shaft. In terms of the analysis process, note that once the equation for the tensions in the band is found, the next step was to create a hypothesis to find the normal force on the shaft. It carries power form the counter shaft by use of gears and according to the gear ratio, it runs at different speed and torque compares to counter shaft. Most shafts are subjected to bending moment and torque simultaneously. Drilled shafts design and construction slide 1 of 51 drilled shaft construction. The book is reference material on rotating machinery basics, pump overhaul, mechanical seals, basic vibration, and shaft alignment.

Christianhartmanngerlach, driveconcepts gmbh dresden. Distributed with this memorandum is the publication entitled drilled shafts. Picture 4 above sub contractor in progress with the drilling of one 165 mm x 170 metre hole. Mechanical design engineering handbook is a straighttalking and forwardthinking reference covering the design, specification, selection, use and integration of machine elements fundamental to a wide range of engineering applications.